Fern, Boris Kulikov (Illustrator) 3. First of all Tut's mummy was taken out of its tomb in 1922 by Howard Carter in 1922; he did it to study and research on. Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues written by A. Illus. Get the answer to your question i. 88m in length, and weighs 110. 10 th para . 5 tuts burial took place in the months of march or. When King Tut's mummy was unwrapped, a mark was found in the same location as the mosquito bit on Lord Carnarvon. King Tut’s mummy was the first mummy to be CT scanned to ascertain the secret of his death by a portable scanner donated by National Geographic Society and Siemens. 317a was born prematurely at 5–6 months' gestation, and 317b was born at or. On 5 January 2005 a CT scan was done to obtain precise data for an accurate forensic reconstruction of King Tut. A U. The probe by the C. British archaeologist Howard Carter and his crew had spent years digging in the blistering desert heat. Zahi Hawass was Secretary General of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities in 2005. There is also speculation about the manner of his death and his age at the time of death. The ritual resins had hardened thereby cementing Tut to the bottom of his solid gold coffin. “First steps of tomb found,” British archaeologist Howard Carter excitedly wrote across a page of his pocket diary on November 4, 1922. 1341 BC – c. Question”1 Give reasons for the following” 1 King Tut’s body has been subjected to repeated scrutiny. 1334 B. To learn more on this topic please register with us The story Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues, is a description of the exploration conducted by a team of researchers. Tutankhamun's Tomb KidLit-O Press Mummies are fascinating in their own right, but once young people delve into the tale of the mummy s curse they will be transfixed. Why was the mummy CT-scanned too? Ans: Tut's mummy was CT-scanned in the year 2005. Other images of Tut’s body appeared on the screen. Answers : (i) ‘The mummy’ refers to the preserved dead body of King Tut. Because Tut was just a child and ruled for such a short time, he left little impact on Egypt. The pall of secrecy that the winged goddesses had cast over Tut will be lifted, forever. Even a century after his tomb's discovery, questions still linger over the teenage pharaoh's life, loves, successors, and death. A 2010 study of Tutankhamun and other mummies published in JAMA found that Tutankhamun was about 5 feet, 6 inches (1. is a description of the exploration conducted by a team of researchers. He died c. Howard Carter, who scanned the body found it difficult to extract the mummy. Tut’s body was buried along with gilded treasures. It follows Howard Carter-the leader in the excavation, and describes before, during, and after the tomb was found. 2020 English Secondary School. Find an answer to your question Brief account of the exploration of Tut’s mummy from 1922 to 2005. He revealed a startling fact. 3. The tomb is now known to be the. The unveiling of Tut's mummy comes amid a frenzy of international publicity for the boy king. many tourists from around the world came to see the most famous mummy of the world. Get the latest stories in your inbox every weekday. King Tut's mummy was wrapped in custom-made bandages similar to modern first aid gauze. Here are nine fascinating artifacts recovered from King Tut’s tomb, from the biggest finds to some hidden treasures. Suzanne Cords with dpa. A highly publicized museum exhibit traveling the globe drew more than 4 million people during the. Explore King Tutankhamun's life and legacy. Advertisement. Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (2013) by Zahi Hawass. Thus Tut’s mummy has been the centre of fascination throughout the previous. ZahiHawasssmiledandfeltrelieved thatnothinghadgoneseriouslywrong. In order to send him on his way into the afterlife, his tomb. ZahiHawasssmiledandfeltrelieved thatnothinghadgoneseriouslywrong. The tomb of King Tut's father. It has been done so as to know how he died and what his age was at the time of his death. A Puzzling Discovery In the winter of 1907–8, the young British archaeologist Edward R. Most of all. A good way to get readers into non-fictionZigya App. The unguents had undergone a chemical reaction that had carbonised the linen mummy wrappings, and even some of the tissues of the mummy itself, rendering Tutankhamun's flesh extremely fragile. Archaeologists have discovered that there are poisonous plant molds in the tombs in many ancient tombs. Gradually Tut’s entire body was recorded. It also describes how CT scan of Tut’s mummy revealed interesting but startling facts about him. View solution > Give reasons for the following: Howard Carters investigation was resented. Answer: The mummy of King Tutankhamun has earned worldwide fame for the riches it was buried with. Step back more than 3,000 years. A series of computed tomography (CT) scans of Egypt's most famous mummy indicate that bone fragments in his skull,. Through the examination of his. That woman was also the sister of the man from KV55, Tut’s father, making Tut the product of sister-brother incest. “Beginning with the death of Tutankhamen, the book moves forward to archaeologist Howard Carter’s discovery of the tomb. King Tutankhamun was just a teenager when he died. He found a fabulous treasure in the tomb. Believed to have become pharaoh when he was 8 or 9 years old, in around 1334 B. Today, archaeologists wear masks when exploring tombs, to protect themselves from these dangerous plant molds. Tutankhamun was the 13th pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt , making his mummy over 3,300 years old. He was laid to rest laden with gold as the royals in Tut’s time were extremely wealthy and thought they could take their riches with them. Historian and broadcaster Bettany Hughes with King Tut's mummy at his tomb in Egypt's Valley of the. Give a short account of the exploration of tut's mummy King Tut’s. Answer: First of all Tut's mummy was taken out of its tomb in 1922 by Howard Carter in 1922; he did it to study and research on it. Besides, Tut was the last pharaoh who had died very young mysteriously. His funeral marked the end of. Because of a misunderstanding with Gaston Maspero, Director of the Antiquities Service, Carter. Exploration of Tut's mummy : Explanation: King Tutankhamun was the last of his dynasty's descendants. November 4, 2022. The result is Lost Treasures, the destruction of works of cultural heritage by intolerance and greed. His death marked the cessation of the dynasty. -. They remain the ‘richest royal collection ever found’ anywhere. The. His name means `living image of [the god] Amun'. Per History, Tutankhamun ruled for a decade and died at the young age of 19 around 1324 B. ”. The intact tomb group of the so-called ‘Two Brothers’, dating to around 1850 bce, was found at Deir Rifeh in Middle Egypt. In ancient Egypt, stillborn infants and fetuses were buried with their parents. The Egyptian Mummy Project has recorded almost six hundred and is still counting. Jo Marchant. Tut became pharaoh of Egypt in 1332 B. According to archaeologists, black resins and oils in the coffin could have exploded upon exposure to oxygen and burned the body. Howard Carter. Resins used for cementing Tut to the bottom of his solid gold coffin had become very hard. Despite his short reign, King Tutankhamun left an indelible mark on history, with his tomb and its remarkable contents offering valuable insights into ancient Egyptian civilization. 1. Before Howard Carter discovered Tutankhamun's tomb, he began his career as a 17-year-old artist on an excavation in Egypt. A group of scientists of diverse fields will now pour into the findings and will, possibly, piece together. Expert Help. It was hoped that it would offer new clues about his life and death. King Tut's chariot crashed and later his mummy burned, says an upcoming TV show. 2. The story Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues, is a description of the exploration conducted by a team of researchers. 10. 2021 English Secondary School answered Give a short account of the explanation. preetikushwaha397 preetikushwaha397 22. Intro. It gives the account of struggles the team faces to unravel the mystery of the death of a teenage ruler, King Tut. Archaeologist Howard Carter had discovered the boy-king’s tomb, and the soon-to. King Tutankhamun's physical condition has become a subject of great interest and study, revealing a young pharaoh beset by various ailments. The mummy was carefully examined and preserved, providing valuable insights into ancient Egyptian burial practices and artifacts. The scans were the first done on an Egyptian mummy. "Then with the advent of Christianity, the mummification process ceased," Lucarelli said. on January 5, 2005 when the mummy of Tutankhamun moved smoothly and quietly into CT scanner which had been carried to Tut’s resting place. , Jan. " This is incorrect. The 12th pharaoh of the 18th Egyptian dynasty, Tutankhamen (or Tutankhamun) became king of Egypt when he was only nine years old. At last, the royal mummy of Tutankhamun was revealed. Time was running out. Until. King Tut’s mummy was the first one to be scanned by CT under the next phase of scanning the mummies with the machine donated by the National Geographic Society and Siemens. At last, the royal mummy of Tutankhamun was revealed. Every major point. Also See: Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Explanation,. Since he was only nineteen years old natural death was unlikely. On 5 January 2005 a CT scan was done to obtain precise data for an accurate forensic reconstruction of King Tut. Explanation of the above passage: Another mysterious ruler, Smenkhhare, succeeded him and died soon. Let us know. 5 months after Egyptologist Howard Carter discovered the tomb of the pharaoh Tutankhamen, his benefactor, George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, fifth Earl of Carnarvon, aged 57, died. Answer: King Tutankhamun was the last of his family line. Tut restored the worship of Amun. King Tut’s mummy was the first mummy to be CT scanned to ascertain the secret of his death by a portable scanner donated by National Geographic Society and Siemens. Give a brief account of the exploration of Tut's mummy from 1922 to 2005 in 150 words. Three views of the Boy King: Pharaoh Tutankhamun, represented by this forensic reconstruction based on his skeleton and mummy, reigned from about 1332-1323 BCE, a period in Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom. The mummy was X-rayed in 1968, more than 40 years after Carter's discovery. King Tut’s mummy has many strange features that have often been explained as the results. The true story of the search for Tutankhamun's tomb, the Western public's belief that the d…Answer:tuts mummy what it is soo scarry man. Ans. He will need games and jewelry. Mysteries of King Tut: What we still don't know. When he died, there were many pieces of jewelry found inside his body. A mummy scanned after a thousand years has opened new avenues regarding a cause of it’s’ death. Apic/Getty Images. I thought maybe they were writing the book as if it was written when Tut's tomb was found and his father's tomb was found later; then it would be correct. The results were very satisfactory. Here, established interpretations of the. Egypt, the inscrutable, slowly gives up her secrets, and the most fabulous of these is the sarcophagus of King Tut. It held King Tut’s mummy. tomb was discovered in 1922 by the famous archaeologist Howard Carter. Exploration; Carter, Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn notice a sealed doorway and secretly reopen an ancient robber’s hole to crawl inside. Add your answer and earn points. A captivating picture book biography about Howard Carter, the discoverer of King Tut's tomb in 1922. In the context of the chapter, last time it was taken out on January 5, 2005 to CT scan it. 1336-c. On 5 January 2005 a CT scan was done to obtain precise data for an accurate forensic reconstruction of King Tut. Thus Tut’s mummy has been the centre of fascination throughout the previous. 1336-1327 B. Second time it was taken out in 1968 to X-ray it. Answer: King Tutankhamun was the last of his family line. They have become a part of Tut’s legend. Book Details. The tomb of Tutankhamun, also known by its tomb number, KV62, is the burial place of Tutankhamun (reigned c. "I think that was deliberate," said Ikram. e. His mummy was found by Howard Carter in 1922. These photographs, documenting every stage in. It is not known why these items were. Reading with Insight. All that’s. Thus Tut’s mummy has been the centre of fascination throughout the previous. A picture book biography about Howard Carter, the co-discoverer of King Tut's tomb in 1922. He’s an expert on ancient Egypt. Give a brief account of the exploration of Tuts mummy from 1922 to 2005. Thus Tut’s mummy has been the centre of fascination throughout the previous. * The secrets of his iconic mask and mummy * King Tut's contribution as a Pharaoh * The reason behind King Tut's death * Theories on his death and burial * and much much more! "King Tut is a true symbol of ancient Egypt. Board games, a bronze razor, linen garments and boxes of food and wine were. One hundred years ago, our understanding of ancient Egypt changed forever when the tomb of King Tutankhamun was found on November 4, 1922 in the Valley of Kings. This coffin measures 1. Give a brief account of the exploration of Tut’s mummy from 1922 to 2005. If it weren’t for the discovery of his resplendent tomb, King Tutankhamun (c. Tutankhamun took the reigns of the kingdom at. to 1325 B. Archeologists. Q2. Jar. The breastbone and front ribs of Tut were missing. Name: King Tut. The unveiling of Tut’s mummy comes amid a resurgence in the frenzy over the boy king. Log in Join. Study Resources. British archaeologist, Howard Carter discovered his tomb on November 4, 1922. The account presents expectations of. Though the famed Egyptian pharaoh King Tutankhamun died more than 3,300 years ago, the mystery surrounding his death and mummification continues to haunt scientists. LUXOR, Egypt — A team of researchers briefly removed King Tut's mummy from its tomb Wednesday and laid bare his bones for a CT scan that could solve an enduringThe tomb of Tutankhamun, also known by its tomb number, KV62, is the burial place of Tutankhamun (reigned c. The end of a dynasty was signified by his funeral. At Carter’s funeral following his death from cancer in March 1939, a mere five people came to bury him. Give a short account of the exploration of Tut's mummy. Although I haven't quite finished this book, I feel compelled to write a review. It was discovered that chest bone and front rib cage were missing. As the grandson of the pharaoh Amenhotep II and the son of pharaoh Akhenaten, Tutankhamun was destined for the throne. Howard dreamed of discovering a. The two stillborn daughters of King Tutankhamun (circa 1336–1327 BC) were mummified and buried with their father in his tomb (KV62) in the Valley of the Kings, Luxor, Egypt. Tut’s Mummy: Lost. He ruled for less than a decade, from approximately. Howard dreamed of discovering a mummy himself—especially a royal mummy. 62 millimetre slices to register its intricate structures, takes on eerie detail in the resulting image. The chapter gives an insight into the mystery surrounding the life and death of Tutankhamun, the last teenage ruler of the powerful Pharaoh dynasty that had been ruled Egypt for centuries. Carter discovered Tut’s tomb for more than 3300 years after his death in 1922 and in 2005 his mummy was taken out of the tomb for the first time for his C. King. The very last sentence reads, "And at least one royal tomb has never been found. King Tutankhamen—or King Tut as he is more commonly known today—was relatively unknown to the world until 1922, when his tomb was discovered by Howard Carter. 601972°E / 25. The death mask is considered one of the masterpieces of Egyptian art. The next day’s excavation in the Valley of the Kings on the west bank of the Nile River would reveal a. 5 pounds (10. Advertisement. Nearly a decade after coming to power, the young leader died at about 18. "The best way to know about people of the past is to study mummies, skeletons, and burial artifacts. It is constructed of two sheets of gold that were hammered together and weighs 22. The ‘Little Golden Shrine’, a doored box covered in thick gold foil, is one of Tutankhamun’s most enigmatic grave goods. Artists and scientists drawing on a detailed examination of King Tut's mummy have reconstructed the face of the young ruler as he might have looked in life: an. (v) The boy king changed his name from Tutankhaten to. They unsealed the doors, chiseled their way around the plugs and found the secrets of the hidden rooms. Jim McMahon/Mapman®. Later on, it was found that mummy’s breast-bone and front ribs were. Egyptian archaeologist Zahi Hawass anounnced the discovery of 30 workshops that were set up to manufacture wood, pottery and funerary items from the 18th dynasty, in addition to a. museum tour a quarter-century ago of Tut's treasures drew more than 8 million. In ancient times grave robbers found their way into the tombs. ”. ankup3363 ankup3363 21. Tomb KV5 is a subterranean, rock-cut tomb in the Valley of the Kings. Scholastic Focus is the premier home of thoroughly researched, beautifully written, and thoughtfully. Rosa Parks, a black seamstress, refused to give up her Montgomery. Its eyes were made of obsidian and quartz. He was buried and forgotten until in 1922 the grave was discovered by Howard Carter. Colorized by Dynamichrome for the exhibition “The Discovery of King Tut” in New York). The death mask is considered one of the masterpieces of Egyptian art. The results of a CT scan done on King Tut’s mummy indicate the boy king was not murdered, but may have suffered a badly broken leg shortly before his death at age 19 — a wound that could have. But his real dream was to find the tomb of an ancient young pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, a glorious period of Egyptian history. Page Number: 28. He’s an expert on ancient Egypt. Thus Tut’s mummy has been the centre of fascination throughout the previous. Xin Zhui. He was under the protection of three men: the divine father Ay. They included a hand and several views of rib-cage and the. the mummy was in a very bad shape; carter began investigating the three nested coffins; the first coffin was opened. HISTORIC DISCOVERY. Click here 👆 to get an answer to your question ️ Give a short account of the explanation of tuts mummy. Answer: Tut’s body had been examined numerous times because it was the world’s most. 601972. The earlier ruler, Amenhotep-IV has shocked the country by attacking Amun, a major God, smashing his images and closing. It originally rested directly on the shoulders of the mummy inside the innermost gold coffin. He was born in the year 11 of the reign of Pharaoh. The tomb consists of four chambers and an entrance staircase and corridor. A team of researchers briefly removed King Tut's mummy from its tomb yesterday and laid bare his bones for a CT scan that could solve an enduring mystery: Was it murder or natural. Carter’s life was never the same. The writing is great, the ideas pretty sound, and I only took one star away because some of the illustrations are hard to really examine without a magnifying glass - at least for these middle aged eyes, and because the book doesn't go. The mummy was X-rayed in 1968. First of all Tut's mummy was taken out of its tomb in 1922 by Howard Carter in 1922; he. It was hoped that it would offer new clues about his life and death. With its gold-masked mummy, in as perfect state of preservation as it was when buried 3300 years ago. Some authorities restrict the use of the term to. His skills were soon recognized, and he quickly rose to be an excavator and later chief inspector for Luxor. First of all Tut’s mummy was taken out of its tomb in 1922 by Howard Carter in 1922; he did it to study and research on it. First of all Tut's mummy was taken out of its tomb in 1922 by Howard Carter in 1922; he did it to study and research on it. King Tutankhamun, also known as King Tut, was a pharaoh who ruled Egypt from 1332 to 1323 B. First of all Tut’s mummy was taken out of its tomb in 1922 by Howard Carter in 1922; he did it to study and research on it. Tutankhamun was the 13th pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of. Explanation: The exploration. C. King Tut's chariot crashed and later his mummy burned, says an upcoming TV show. Medium Solution Verified by Toppr King Tutankhamun was the last of his family line. tomb was discovered in 1922 by the famous archaeologist Howard Carter. Ayrton, working for the retired New York lawyer and amateur archaeologist Theodore M. These incredible images, which have been colorized by Dynamichrome, give an unparalleled overview of the excavation. Birth Year: 1341. questions and offered new clues on details of Tut’s life and the mystery surrounding his death. A CT machine scanned Tut’s mummy from head to toe. But Tut was also buried with everyday things. Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Page Number: 28 Reading with Insight 1. THE CURSE OF THE MUMMY is a nonfiction narrative that's full of mystery, exploration, adventure, and suspense and tells the story of how Tutankhamun's tomb was uncovered. Tut’s treasures are still considered one of the greatest archaeological discoveries in history. It would take Carter ten years to clear all the treasures in Tutankhamun's tomb – the famous gold mask, the mummy of the boy-king in its solid gold coffin, statues, jewelry, even the king's sandals. (i) King Tut’s body has been subjected to repeated scrutiny. Ancient. 2020 English Secondary School answered Give a short account of the exploration of tut's mummy See answer AdvertisementKing Tut’s. Injuries likely killed Tut%2C perhaps due to a chariot accident The story of King Tut's death — and what followed — just got even more interesting, all thanks to a single piece of flesh. Mummy of Ramesses I. “For the first time, the world had an idea of the fantastic treasures that the kings of Egypt took with them to the next world,” explains Bob Brier. (iii) Tut’s head was scanned in 0. He ruled from 1333 BCE until his death in 1323 BCE. In 1922, British archaeologist Howard Carter discovered Tutankhamun's tomb. “Egypt’s former minister of antiquities has written many popular books on Tutankhamun, but this one contains the. ribcagewereinproperorder. Tutankhamun's mummy was discovered by English Egyptologist Howard Carter and his team on 28 October 1925 in tomb KV62 of Egypt's Valley of the Kings. During the reign of the New Kingdom of Egypt, the boy pharaoh Tutankhamun ruled and died tragically young. 4. From Tutankhamun’s curse to Ötzi’s murder mystery, the public is drawn to stories about mummies. He revealed a startling fact. This was the first royal Egyptian mummy that had been found untouched since his burial. Give reasons for the following. (Image credit: Ralph Notaro/Getty Images) This jar, found in Tutankhamun's tomb, has a lion at top. to 1325 B. No one knows how many mummies there are in Egypt. 90 ratings25 reviews. Nearly a decade after coming to power, the young leader died at about 18. 1. 09. Get the answers you need, now! lordlusent lordlusent 03. Egyptian mummification gradually faded out in the fourth century, when Rome ruled Egypt. In 1968 a professor of Anatomy X-rayed the mummy. Feb. The ritual resins had hardened. Even the burning sun failed to melt it. Candace Fleming. Give a short account exploration of tut,s mummy? Get the answers you need, now! sipahisingh sipahisingh 05. On 26 November 1922 Howard Carter stood before a sealed door blocking a dark corridor. Medium. Tut was buried in a subterranean crypt in a royal necropolis known as the Valley of the Kings. Hence King Tut’s body has been subjected to repeated scrutiny. October 27, 2009 8:09 PM. (ii) Howard Carter’s investigation was resented. Second time it was taken out in 1968 to X-ray it. S. His golden sarcophagus is now a symbol almost synonymous with Egypt. Give reasons for the following: (i) King Tut’s body has been subjected to repeated scrutiny. The famous Egyptian "Book of Dead" does not. story of the sinking of this unsinkable ship is retold chronologically from many points of view — through survivor accounts, official investigations, and modern exploration following the 1985 discovery of the wreck. A highly publicized museum exhibit traveling the globe drew more than 4 million people during its initial. Download the App. Answer: Tut's mummy had always been the center of attraction for the researchers. Give a brief account of the exploration of Tuts mummy from 1922 to 2005. 10. Carter finally had to chisel the mummy away having no other option. In the context of the chapter, last time it was taken out on January 5, 2005 to CT scan it. Hewas Nng lut was just and its empire in discovery of his tomb C h a p t e rS k e t c h that had ruled Egypt powertul family But after the death. KV5. It gives the account of struggles the team faces to unravel the mystery of the death of a teenage. Answer King Tut’s body has been subjected to repeated scrutiny because right from the time of the discovery of his tomb in 1922, the modern world has been curious to find out what happened to him, with murder being the most extreme. A picture book biography about Howard Carter, the co-discoverer of King Tut's tomb in 1922. It was hoped that it would offer new clues about his life and death. Tutankhamen’s. About Tut’s Mummy. The Royal Cobra ( Uraeus ), representing the protector goddess Wadjet, atop the mask of Tutankhamun. ANSWER. The Egyptians believe a spirit cannot live on without its. c. Give a short account of exploration of tuts mummy - 58345761. Birth Country: Egypt. The breastbone and front ribs of Tut were missing. where he was to work on the Egypt Exploration Fund's excavation of the Middle Kingdom tombs at Beni. It created 1700 digital X-ray images. It belonged to the sons of Ramesses II. It was a. Carter and the others hoped King Tutankhamun's mummy would reveal a large amount of knowledge about. Despite his short reign, King Tutankhamun left an indelible mark on history, with his tomb and its remarkable contents offering valuable insights into ancient Egyptian civilization. Young Tut was a physically frail youth. King Tut’s great. C. King Tut died at the young age of 19 in c. On 5 January 2005 a CT scan was done to obtain precise data for an accurate forensic reconstruction of King Tut. It. “In the museum of Cairo, the treasures of 30 centuries unroll the scroll of history in one of the world’s most ancient cultures. 3 inches), the narrow bandages consist of 50. Thus Tut’s mummy has been the centre of fascination throughout the previous. With its gold-masked mummy, in as perfect state of preservation as it was when buried 3300 years ago. A group of scientists of diverse fields will now pour into the findings and will, possibly, piece together a true and intriguing account of the prince’s short life. Most recently, mummy expert Salima Ikram, an Egyptologist at the American University in Cairo, has suggested that the mortal remains of King Tutankhamun-including a symbolically erect phallus-may point to a struggle for the political soul of his country. The ritual resins had hardened thereby cementing Tut to the bottom of his solid gold coffin. Burton was regarded as the most outstanding archaeological photographer of his era, and here we share some of his original photographs of the momentous occasion when King Tut’s tomb was opened. He met his first when he was a boy in England and lived near a mansion filled with Egyptian artifacts. The tomb of Tutankhamun lies near the central path through the valley, at centre right. On 5 January 2005 a CT scan was done to obtain precise data for an accurate forensic reconstruction of King Tut. Chapter 3 – Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues Page Number: 28 Reading with Insight 1. ).